Stage: Sensor development and laboratory testing
Aalto University research published in 2025 explores a disposable sensor node powered by urine. Printed sensing electrodes and urine-activated electricity generation are combined with a low-power integrated circuit.
The doctoral research reports experiments in containers and diapers, including repeated liquid doses and volume estimation. This approach could reduce reliance on a separate battery in the disposable component. Clinical evaluation remains necessary; the university record does not establish routine use in adult care or a product launch.