Stage: Phantom and single-volunteer experiments
A study published on April 28, 2025 by researchers in Toyama, Japan examines an external capacitance sensor for estimating urine volume in an inner absorbent pad. It considers repeated liquid additions and differences between products.
Experiments used a body phantom and one volunteer, with simulated urine introduced through a tube. The work explores a way to assess an inner pad without direct sensor contact with urine. It is not a large patient trial of naturally occurring urination or proof of routine clinical performance.